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1 Dickinson, John
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 29 March 1782d. 11 January 1869 London, England[br]English papermaker and inventor of a papermaking machine.[br]After education at a private school, Dickinson was apprenticed to a London stationer. In 1806 he started in business as a stationer, in partnership with George Longman; they transferred to 65 Old Bailey, where the firm remained until their premises were destroyed during the Second World War. In order to secure the supply of paper and be less dependent on the papermakers, Dickinson turned to making paper on his own account. In 1809 he acquired Apsley Mill, near Hemel Hempstead on the river Gade in Hertfordshire. There, he produced a new kind of paper for cannon cartridges which, unlike the paper then in use, did not smoulder, thus reducing the risk of undesired explosions. The new paper proved very useful during the Napoleonic War.Dickinson developed a continuous papermaking machine about the same time as the Fourdrinier brothers, but his worked on a different principle. Instead of a continuous flat wire screen, Dickinson used a wire-covered cylinder which dipped into the dilute pulp as it revolved. A felt-covered roller removed the layer of wet pulp, which was then subjected to drying, as in the Fourdrinier machine. The latter was first in use at Frogmore, just upstream from Apsley Mill on the river Gade. Dickinson patented his machine in 1809 and claimed that it was superior for some kinds of paper. In feet, both types of machine have survived, in much enlarged and modified form: the Fourdrinier for general papermaking, the Dickinson cylinder for the making of board. In 1810 Dickinson acquired the nearby Nash Mill, and over the years he extended the scope of his papermaking business, introducing many technical improvements. Among his inventions was a machine to paste together continuous webs of paper to form cardboard. Another, patented in 1829, was a process for incorporating threads of cotton, flax or silk into the body of the paper to make forgery more difficult. He became increasingly prosperous, overcoming labour disputes with unemployed hand-papermakers. and lawsuits against a canal company which threatened the water supply to his mills. Dickinson was the first to use percolation gauges to predict river flow, and his work on water supply brought him election to a Fellowship of the Royal Society in 1845.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1845.Further ReadingR.H.Clapperton, 1967, The Paper-making Machine, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 331–5 (provides a biography and full details of Dickinson's inventions).LRD -
2 Dickinson, John
(1732-1808) Дикинсон, ДжонПолитический деятель, участвовал в составлении "Статей конфедерации" [ Articles of Confederation], выступал против британской колониальной политики, но считал провозглашение независимости преждевременным. В 1767 написал книгу "Письма пенсильванского фермера" ["Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania"], ему же как участнику Континентального конгресса [ Continental Congresses], приписывается авторство декларации "Почему следует взяться за оружие" [Declaration of the Causes of Taking Up Arms]. Отказался подписать Декларацию независимости [ Declaration of Independence], но активно поддержал принятие Конституции [ Constitution, U.S.] в серии известных открытых писем за подписью "Фабиус" [Fabius]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Dickinson, John
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3 Wilkinson, John
SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour[br]b. 1728 Clifton, Cumberland, Englandd. 14 July 1808 Bradley, Staffordshire, England[br]English ironmaster, inventor of a cannon-boring machine.[br]Wilkinson's father Isaac was a farmer turned ironmaster. Soon after 1750, the family acquired Bersham furnace, near Wrexham. This was later in the hands of John and his brother William. By 1763, John had risen to take sole charge of Broseley furnace near Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, and in 1770 he set up a third furnace at Bradley, Staffordshire. By this time he had become one of the country's leading ironmasters, known for the wide range of ware made of cast iron, doubtless the reason for his nickname "Ironmad Wilkinson". He made a cast-iron boat which, to the surprise of many, floated. For his own eventual use, he also made a cast-iron coffin, but did not make sufficient allowance for increasing girth with age! Wilkinson's most notable invention was his cannon-boring machine, patented in 1774. The gun barrel was held rigidly while the cutter head moved forward on a rod inside a hollow boring bar. The machine was easily adapted to bore the cylinders for Boulton \& Watt's steam engines and he became a regular supplier, as only he could bore them with the required accuracy. On the other hand, their second engine was supplied to Wilkinson to power a blowing engine to provide air blast for his Broseley furnace: this was the first use of a Boulton \& Watt engine for a purpose other than pumping. By 1780 he had three further steam engines at work. Wilkinson installed the first Boulton \& Watt engine in France at the Paris waterworks, for which he supplied the iron pipes. Another patent was obtained in 1794 for the invention of the cupola or furnace for melting metal for small castings, although it is now thought that the real inventor was his brother William. Apart from domestic and engineering ironware, Wilkinson was supplier of arms to the American and, illicitly, to the French.[br]Further ReadingH.W.Dickinson, 1914, John Wilkinson, Iron-master.LRD -
4 Dover
Город в центральной части штата Делавэр [ Delaware]; расположен на полуострове Делмарва [ Delmarva Peninsula], на р. Сент-Джонс [St. Jones River]. Административный центр (столица) штата, административный центр [ county seat] графства Кент [Kent County]. 32,1 тыс. жителей (2000), второй город штата. Пищевая, бумажная промышленность. Центр сельскохозяйственного района (производство молочных продуктов, сыра, фруктов). Первое поселение основано в 1683, поселок городского типа [ town] с 1829, город [ city] с 1929. Исторический центр застроен по плану У. Пенна [ Penn, William, Jr.] в 1718. Здание законодательного собрания [Old State House] - памятник архитектуры 1792. Сохранилась таверна "Золотое руно" [Golden Fleece Tavern], где 7 декабря 1787 была ратифицирована штатом Конституция США [ Constitution, U.S.]. Музейный комплекс "Музей штата Делавэр" [Delaware State Museum], Музей сельского хозяйства Делавэра [Delaware Agricultural Museum], неподалеку от города - плантация Дж. Дикинсона [ Dickinson, John] -
5 United we stand, divided we fall
"В единении - сила" ("Вместе мы выстоим, порознь - падем")Официальный девиз [ state motto] штата Кентукки. Этот лозунг впервые прозвучал в период борьбы за независимость, когда 18 июля 1768 газета "Бостон газетт" [Boston Gazette] опубликовала "Песнь свободы" ["Liberty Song"] Дж. Дикинсона [Dickinson, John], в которой были строки "Возьмитесь за руки, все храбрые американцы, / Объединившись, мы выстоим, расколовшись - падем" ["... Join in hand, brave Americans all - By uniting we stand, by dividing we fall!"]. Первоначально был неофициальным девизом США, в 1777 Конгресс утвердил этот девиз на латинском языке и в другой формулировке: "Из многих единое" [ E pluribus unum]. В 1792 он был принят в качестве официального девиза штатом Кентукки и стал известен большинству американцев. Его привел в своем стихотворении "Флаг нашего Союза" ["The Flag of Our Union"] поэт Дж. Моррисон: "Вместе мы выстоим, по одиночке - падем, / Это превращает нас в единую нацию" ["...United we stand, divided we fall / It made and preserves us a nation"]. Фраза стала особенно широко известна после речи президента А. Линкольна [ Lincoln, Abraham] в защиту единства Союза [ Union] накануне Гражданской войны [ Civil War]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > United we stand, divided we fall
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6 Paper and printing
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Biro, Laszlo JoszefBi ShengCai LunKlic, KarolSong YingxingStanhope, Charles -
7 Warren, Charles Marquis
1912-1990Graduado en el Baltimore City College, periodista en el “The Saturday Evening Post”, escribio novelas de genero, en particular westerns, algunas de las cuales adapto el mismo al cine. Guionista y director de cine, Warren fue agente literario de F. Scott Fitzgerald en los ultimos anos del escritor. Empieza a dirigir en 1951, en especial westerns. El primero de ellos, tambien su primera pelicula, es Little Big Horn. En television, tiene el honor de formar parte del equipo creador de la mitica serie Rawhide, con Clint Eastwood. La mayor parte de sus westerns no carece de interes pero, ademas, en su condicion de novelista, autor de relatos breves, o guionista, esta asociado a un buen punado de magnificas obras del genero. Valga un ejemplo: Only the Valiant, la estupenda pelicula de Gordon Douglas. Blood Arrow es un claro an tecedente de la laureada Bailando con lobos (Dances with Wolves, Kevin Costner, 1990).Little Big Horn. 1951. 86 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Lippert. Lloyd Bridges, Marie Windsor, John Ireland.Hellgate. 1952. 87 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Lippert. Sterling Hayden, Joan Leslie, Ward Bond.Arrowhead (Hoguera de odios). 1953. 105 minutos. Technicolor. Para mount. Charlton Heston, Jack Palance, Katy Jurado, Brian Keith.Seven Angry Men. 1955. 90 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Allied. Raymond Massey, Jeffrey Hunter, Debra Paget.Tension at Table Rock (Ansiedad tragica). 1956. 93 minutos. Technicolor. RKO. Richard Egan, Dorothy Malone, Cameron Mitchell, Angie Dickinson.The Black Whip. 1956. 77 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Regalscope. Regal/Fox. Hugh Marlowe, Coleen Gray, Adele Mara, Angie Dickinson.Trooper Hook. 1957. 81 minutos. Blanco y Negro. UA. Joel McCrea, Barbara Stanwyck, Earl Holliman, Rodolfo Acosta.Copper Sky. 1957. 77 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Regalscope. Regal/Fox. Jeff Morrow, Coleen Gray, Paul Brinegar.Ride a Violent Mile. 1957. 80 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Regalscope. Regal/ Fox. John Agar, Penny Edwards, John Pickard.Blood Arrow. 1958. 76 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Regalscope. Regal/Fox. Scott Brady, Phyllis Coates, Paul Richards, Don Haggerty.Cattle Empire. 1958. 83 minutos. Color DeLuxe. CinemaScope. Fox. Joel McCrea, Gloria Talbott, Phyllis Coates, Don Haggerty.Charro! (Charro). 1969. 98 minutos. Technicolor. Panavision. N.G.C. Elvis Presley, Ina Balin, Barbara Werle.English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Warren, Charles Marquis
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8 Trevithick, Richard
[br]b. 13 April 1771 Illogan, Cornwall, Englandd. 22 April 1833 Dartford, Kent, England[br]English engineer, pioneer of non-condensing steam-engines; designed and built the first locomotives.[br]Trevithick's father was a tin-mine manager, and Trevithick himself, after limited formal education, developed his immense engineering talent among local mining machinery and steam-engines and found employment as a mining engineer. Tall, strong and high-spirited, he was the eternal optimist.About 1797 it occurred to him that the separate condenser patent of James Watt could be avoided by employing "strong steam", that is steam at pressures substantially greater than atmospheric, to drive steam-engines: after use, steam could be exhausted to the atmosphere and the condenser eliminated. His first winding engine on this principle came into use in 1799, and subsequently such engines were widely used. To produce high-pressure steam, a stronger boiler was needed than the boilers then in use, in which the pressure vessel was mounted upon masonry above the fire: Trevithick designed the cylindrical boiler, with furnace tube within, from which the Cornish and later the Lancashire boilers evolved.Simultaneously he realized that high-pressure steam enabled a compact steam-engine/boiler unit to be built: typically, the Trevithick engine comprised a cylindrical boiler with return firetube, and a cylinder recessed into the boiler. No beam intervened between connecting rod and crank. A master patent was taken out.Such an engine was well suited to driving vehicles. Trevithick built his first steam-carriage in 1801, but after a few days' use it overturned on a rough Cornish road and was damaged beyond repair by fire. Nevertheless, it had been the first self-propelled vehicle successfully to carry passengers. His second steam-carriage was driven about the streets of London in 1803, even more successfully; however, it aroused no commercial interest. Meanwhile the Coalbrookdale Company had started to build a locomotive incorporating a Trevithick engine for its tramroads, though little is known of the outcome; however, Samuel Homfray's ironworks at Penydarren, South Wales, was already building engines to Trevithick's design, and in 1804 Trevithick built one there as a locomotive for the Penydarren Tramroad. In this, and in the London steam-carriage, exhaust steam was turned up the chimney to draw the fire. On 21 February the locomotive hauled five wagons with 10 tons of iron and seventy men for 9 miles (14 km): it was the first successful railway locomotive.Again, there was no commercial interest, although Trevithick now had nearly fifty stationary engines completed or being built to his design under licence. He experimented with one to power a barge on the Severn and used one to power a dredger on the Thames. He became Engineer to a project to drive a tunnel beneath the Thames at Rotherhithe and was only narrowly defeated, by quicksands. Trevithick then set up, in 1808, a circular tramroad track in London and upon it demonstrated to the admission-fee-paying public the locomotive Catch me who can, built to his design by John Hazledine and J.U. Rastrick.In 1809, by which date Trevithick had sold all his interest in the steam-engine patent, he and Robert Dickinson, in partnership, obtained a patent for iron tanks to hold liquid cargo in ships, replacing the wooden casks then used, and started to manufacture them. In 1810, however, he was taken seriously ill with typhus for six months and had to return to Cornwall, and early in 1811 the partners were bankrupt; Trevithick was discharged from bankruptcy only in 1814.In the meantime he continued as a steam engineer and produced a single-acting steam engine in which the cut-off could be varied to work the engine expansively by way of a three-way cock actuated by a cam. Then, in 1813, Trevithick was approached by a representative of a company set up to drain the rich but flooded silver-mines at Cerro de Pasco, Peru, at an altitude of 14,000 ft (4,300 m). Low-pressure steam engines, dependent largely upon atmospheric pressure, would not work at such an altitude, but Trevithick's high-pressure engines would. Nine engines and much other mining plant were built by Hazledine and Rastrick and despatched to Peru in 1814, and Trevithick himself followed two years later. However, the war of independence was taking place in Peru, then a Spanish colony, and no sooner had Trevithick, after immense difficulties, put everything in order at the mines then rebels arrived and broke up the machinery, for they saw the mines as a source of supply for the Spanish forces. It was only after innumerable further adventures, during which he encountered and was assisted financially by Robert Stephenson, that Trevithick eventually arrived home in Cornwall in 1827, penniless.He petitioned Parliament for a grant in recognition of his improvements to steam-engines and boilers, without success. He was as inventive as ever though: he proposed a hydraulic power transmission system; he was consulted over steam engines for land drainage in Holland; and he suggested a 1,000 ft (305 m) high tower of gilded cast iron to commemorate the Reform Act of 1832. While working on steam propulsion of ships in 1833, he caught pneumonia, from which he died.[br]BibliographyTrevithick took out fourteen patents, solely or in partnership, of which the most important are: 1802, Construction of Steam Engines, British patent no. 2,599. 1808, Stowing Ships' Cargoes, British patent no. 3,172.Further ReadingH.W.Dickinson and A.Titley, 1934, Richard Trevithick. The Engineer and the Man, Cambridge; F.Trevithick, 1872, Life of Richard Trevithick, London (these two are the principal biographies).E.A.Forward, 1952, "Links in the history of the locomotive", The Engineer (22 February), 226 (considers the case for the Coalbrookdale locomotive of 1802).See also: Blenkinsop, JohnPJGR -
9 McLaglen, Andrew V.
Hijo del actor Victor McLaglen, uno de los actores fetiche de John Ford, empieza a dirigir en 1956, probablemente con la extrana idea de ser un nuevo John Ford. No lo consigue en absoluto; es mas, sus peliculas llegan a ser irritantes por el permanente intento de acumular situaciones semejantes a las preferidas por el maestro, en especial con tiernos toques de humor. Naturalmente, el tratamiento de estas situaciones pone en evidencia la enorme distancia entre ambos.Gun the Man Down. 1956. 78 minutos. Blanco y Negro. UA. James Arness, Angie Dickinson.Freckles. 1960. 83 minutos. Color DeLuxe. CinemaScope. Fox. Martin West, Carol Christensen.McLintock! (El gran McLintock). 1963. 127 minutos. Technicolor. Pana vi sion. Batjac (UA). John Wayne, Maureen O’Hara, Stefanie Powers, Patrick Wayne, Yvonne De Carlo.Shenandoah (El valle de la violencia). 1965. 105 minutos. Technicolor. Universal. James Stewart, Rosemary Forsyth.The Rare Breed (Una dama entre vaqueros). 1966. 97 minutos. Technico lor. Panavision. Universal. James Stewart, Maureen O’Hara.The Way West (Camino de Oregon). 1967. 122 minutos. Color DeLuxe. Pa na vision. UA. Kirk Douglas, Robert Mitchum, Richard Widmark, Sally Field.The Ballad of Josie (Desafio en el rancho). 1967. 102 minutos. Technicolor. Techniscope. Universal. Doris Day, Peter Graves.Bandolero! (Bandolero). 1968. 106 minutos. Color DeLuxe. Panavision. Fox. James Stewart, Dean Martin, Raquel Welch.The Undefeated (Los indestructibles). 1969. 118 minutos. Color DeLuxe. Panavision. Fox. John Wayne, Rock Hudson.Chisum (Chisum). 1970. 110 minutos. Technicolor. Panavision. Batjac (WB). John Wayne, Forrest Tucker.One More Train to Rob (Asalto al ultimo tren). 1971. 108 minutos. Technicolor. Universal. George Peppard, Diana Muldaur.Something Big (La primera ametralladora del Oeste). 1971. 108 minutos. Technicolor. Stanmore & Penbar Productions. Dean Martin, Brian Keith, Honor Blackman.Cahill U.S. Marshall (La soga de la horca). 1973. 102 minutos. Technicolor. Panavision. Batjac (WB). John Wayne, George Kennedy, Marie Windsor.The Last Hard Men (Los ultimos hombres duros). 1976. 97 min. Color De - Luxe. Panavision. Fox. Charlton Heston, James Coburn, Barbara Hershey, Jorge Rivero.English-Spanish dictionary of western films > McLaglen, Andrew V.
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10 Massachusetts
[ˏmæsǝˊtʃu:sɪts] Массачусетс, ведущий штат Новой Англии на северо-востоке Атлантического побережья США <по назв. индейск. племени Massachuset (от masa большой + wachusett гора)>. Полное назв.: Содружество Массачусетс [Commonwealth of Massachusetts]. Сокращение: MA. Прозвища: «штат у залива» [*Bay State], «старая колония» [*Old Colony], «пуританский штат» [*Puritan State], «штат печёных бобов» [*Baked Bean State]. Житель штата: *Bay Stater. Столица: г. Бостон [*Boston III]. Девиз: «С мечом в руках мы жаждем мира, но только мира под сенью свободы» (лат. ‘Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem’ — ‘By the sword we seek peace, but peace only under liberty’). Песня штата: «Все славят Массачусетс» [‘All hail to Massachusetts’]. Цветок: цветок боярышника [*mayflower]. Дерево: американский вяз [American elm]. Птица: гаичка, американская синица [*chickadee]. Напиток: клюквенный сок [*cranberry juice]. Животное: лошадь Моргана [Morgan horse]. Насекомое: божья коровка [*ladybug]. Площадь: 21,5 тыс. кв. км (18,284 sq. mi.) (45- е место). Население (1992): ок. 6 млн. (13- е место). Крупнейшие города: Бостон [*Boston III], Вустер [Worcester], Кеймбридж [*Cambridge], Фол-Ривер [Fall River], Нью-Бедфорд [*New Bedford], Куинси [Quincy]. Экономика. Ведущий штат Новой Англии с преобладанием производств, требующих мало сырья, но высококвалифицированной рабочей силы (машиностроение, электротехническая промышленность и др.). Особое развитие получила радиоэлектроника. В XIX в. в штате преобладали текстильная [Beverly, Lowell, *New Bedford, Lawrence] и обувная отрасли промышленности [Lynn, Brockton, Haverhill]. Сейчас (1990) ведущие отрасли экономики: услуги, торговля, машиностроение. Основная продукция (1990): электро- и электронное оборудование, промышленное оборудование, печатная продукция и полиграфия, металлоизделия. Сельское хозяйство пригородного типа, штат является основным поставщиком клюквы [*Cape Cod cranberries]. Основные культуры: клюква, тепличные овощи. Животноводство (1983): крупного рогатого скота — 120 тыс., свиней — 50 тыс., овец — 8 тыс., лошадей и пони — 125 тыс., птицы — 3,6 млн. Массачусетс занимает ведущее место в рыболовстве (особ. трески). Продукция рыболовства (1992): на 280,6 млн. долл. Лесное хозяйство: белая сосна, дуб, другие твёрдодревесные породы. Минералы: песок и гравий, камень, известняк. История. На территории штата пуританами [*Pilgrim Fathers], высадившимися с корабля «Мэйфлауэр» [*‘Mayflower, The’ I] в 1620, была основана первая постоянная английская колония Плимут [*Plymouth]. После первой тяжёлой зимы, собрав осенью обильный урожай, колонисты отметили первый в истории США День благодарения [*Thanksgiving Day]. Сопротивление индейцев было подавлено после войны с «королём Филиппом» [King Philip’s War] в 1675—76 гг. С середины XVIII в. Массачусетс становится одним из основных центров движения за независимость североамериканских колоний [*Boston Massacre, *Boston Tea Party], на его территории происходят первые вооружённые столкновения между повстанцами [*minutemen] и английскими войсками (см. Lexington and Concord, Battle of). После Войны за независимость Массачусетс был центром восстания во главе с Шейсом [*Shay’s rebellion]. В 1920-е гг. внимание мировой общественности было приковано к судебному процессу над профсоюзными активистами Сакко и Ванцетти [*Sacco—Vanzetti]. Достопримечательности: Кейп-Код [*Cape Cod]; Плимутская скала [*Plymouth Rock]; «Маршрут свободы» [*Freedom Trail]; концерты популярной музыки «Попс» [*Boston ‘Pops’ concerts]; Музей изящных искусств [*Boston Museum of Fine Arts] в Бостоне; Музей Арнольда Арборетума [Arnold Arboretum]; деревня колониального периода [Old Sturbridge Village]; исторический посёлок шейкеров; памятные места, связанные с минитменами [Minute Men Historical Park]; курорт Кейп-Код [*Cape Cod] с колонией художников в Провинстауне [*Provincetown]; Беркширский музыкальный фестиваль [Berkshire Music Festval]; танцевальный фестиваль Джейкоба [Jacob’s Pillow Dance Festival] и др. Знаменитые массачусетцы: Адамс, Джон [*Adams, John], 2-й президент США; Адамс, Джон Куинси [*Adams, John Quincy], 6-й президент США; Адамс, Самуэль [*Adams, Samuel], один из лидеров освободительной борьбы за независимость североамериканских колоний; Элджер, Хорейшо [*Alger, Horatio], писатель; Аттакс, Криспус [Attucks, Crispus], матрос-мулат, оказавшийся в числе первых жертв Американской революции; Энтони, Сьюзан [*Anthony, Susan], активистка движения за предоставление избирательных прав женщинам; Бартон, Клара [*Barton, Clara], медсестра, основавшая Американский Красный Крест; Белл, Александр Грэм [*Bell, Alexander Graham], изобретатель телефона; Дикинсон, Эмили [*Dickinson, Emily], поэтесса; Эмерсон, Ралф Уолдо [*Emerson, Ralph Waldo], философ и писатель; Хэнкок, Джон [*Hancock, John], политический деятель времён Американской революции; Хомер, Уинслоу [*Homer, Winslow], художник; Кеннеди, Джон Ф. [*Kennedy, John Fitzgerald], 35-й президент США; Морзе, Самуэль [*Morse, Samuel F. B.], изобретатель; По, Эдгар [*Poe, Edgar Allen], писатель и поэт; Ревир, Пол [*Revere, Paul], патриот; Сарджент, Джон [*Sargent, John Singer], художник; Торо, Генри [*Thoreau, Henry David], философ и писатель; Уистлер, Джеймс [*Whistler, James], художник. Ассоциации: первая колония в Америке, основанная «отцами-пилигримами» [*Pilgrim Fathers], высадившимися с борта корабля «Мэйфлауэр» [*‘Mayflower, The’ I]; ассоциируется с пуританизмом [*Baked Beans], судебными процессами над ведьмами [*Salem witch trials], началом Войны за независимость (см. Boston Tea Party, Boston Massacre, Old North Church, Paul Revere’s midnight ride, minutemen, Concord, Lexington), престижностью высших учебных заведений [*Harvard University, *Massachusetts Institute of Technology, *Radcliff college], снобизмом бостонского высшего общества и политическими традициями семьи Кеннеди [Kennedy family], высоким уровнем музыкального искусства [*Boston Symphony Orchestra, *Boston Pops] и самыми плохими водителями [‘the worst drivers in the world’]; Массачусетс славится треской, клюквой [*Cape Cod cranberries], тортами [Boston cream pies]; известны его спортивные команды: футбольная «Бостонские патриоты» [*‘Boston Patriots’], баскетбольная «Бостонские кельты» [*‘Boston Celtics’], бейсбольная «Красные носки» [*‘Red Sox’]США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Massachusetts
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11 Hawks, Howard
1896-1977La aparente ligereza de las peliculas de Howard Hawks es enganosa. Detras de unos filmes que, a primera vista, solo pretenden entretener al espectador, hay mucho mas; mas de lo que pueden ofrecer no pocos directores intelectualmente comprometidos. Por eso, hay que afirmar rotundamente que Howard Hawks es uno de los realizadores mas grandes del cine americano y del cine en general, a la altura de los diez o doce mas ilustres de todos los tiempos. La cosa empezo en el verano de 1916, cuando un joven estudiante de ingenieria, buen de portista, aficionado a los automoviles, decidio aprovechar las vacaciones de verano trabajando en Fa mous Players-Lasky, la futura Paramount, como ascensorista. Un ano despues, ya graduado, vuelve, ahora para colaborar en la produccion como decorador, montador, director de casting, ayudante de direccion y todo lo que fuera necesario hasta que, despues de algun nuevo parentesis, se consolida como guionista, lo que facilita su paso a la direccion, que tuvo lugar en 1926 con la produccion Fox The Road to Glory. De las ocho peliculas mudas que realizo, la mas “hawksiana” es, sin duda, Una novia en cada puerto (A Girl in Every Port, 1928), pero el director es, sin discusion, un hombre del sonoro, acaso por la esplendida utilizacion de los dialogos que lo caracterizo, y que se pone de manifiesto de forma extrema en La fiera de mi nina (Bringing Up Baby, 1938), una de las cumbres de la comedia. Todo aquello que toco Hawks, lo dignifico: la comedia, como se ha puesto de manifiesto, pero tambien el cine negro, con El sueno eterno (The Big Sleep, 1946), el filme de aventuras, con Hatari! (1962) y, desde luego, el western, genero en el que cada una de sus incursiones originaba una obra maestra. Rio Bravo es, sin ningun genero de dudas, una de las dos o tres mejores peliculas de un genero tan inagotable como la vida. Al parecer, el origen de la pelicula hay que encontrarlo en la irritacion que le producia a Hawks Solo ante el peligro (High Noon, Fred Zinnemann, 1952), cuyo metraje discurre en la tarea de encontrar ayuda para que el sheriff del lugar pueda enfrentarse a unos pistoleros que se encuentran camino de la ciudad. La idea motriz de Hawks, permanente a lo largo de toda su filmografia, de mostrar a personas (preferentemente hombres porque las mujeres son, sobre todo, causa de conflictos) que estan realizando su trabajo y lo realizan lo mejor que saben, es la historia de todos y cada uno de sus westerns, particularmente de su falsa coleccion de “rios”, formada por dos peliculas en lugar de cuatro, porque Rio Rojo es, en realidad, Red River, y en Rio de sangre ni siquiera aparece la palabra en el titulo original. Solo Rio Bravo y Rio Lobo, peliculas fronterizas donde las haya, responden a la idea que acuno el termino unificador para las cuatro peliculas. Estas dos ultimas, y la estupenda El Dorado, remake mas o menos encubierto de Rio Bravo, si que permanecen unidas por estrechos lazos cronologicos, estilisticos y tematicos.Viva Villa! (.Viva Villa!) (co-d.: Jack Conway). 1934. 115 minutos. Blanco y Negro. MGM. Wallace Beery, Fay Wray, Leo Carrillo.Barbary Coast (La ciudad sin ley). 1935. 91 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Goldwyn Productions (UA). Marian Hopkins, Edward G. Robinson, Joel McCrea, Walter Brennan.The Outlaw (co-d.: Howard Hughes). 1943. 123 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. Jane Russell, Walter Huston.Red River (Rio Rojo). 1948. 125 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monterrey (UA). John Wayne, Montgomery Clift, Walter Brennan, Joanne Dru, John Ireland.The Big Sky (Rio de sangre). 1952. 120 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Win chester Productions (RKO). Kirk Douglas, Dewey Martin, Elizabeth Threatt, Arthur Hunnicutt.Rio Bravo (Rio Bravo). 1959. 140 minutos. Technicolor. Armada Pro ductions (WB). John Wayne, Dean Martin, Angie Dickinson, Walter Brennan, Ricky Nelson, Ward Bond, Claude Akins.El Dorado (El Dorado). 1967. 122 minutos. Technicolor. Laurel (Paramount). John Wayne, Robert Mitchum, James Caan, Charlene Holt.Rio Lobo (Rio Lobo). 1970. 114 minutos. Technicolor. National General. John Wayne, Jorge Rivero, Chris Mitchum, Jennifer O’Neil. -
12 Kennedy, Burt
1922-2001Empezo como guionista de radio despues de la Se gunda Guerra Mundial. A partir de 1956 lo en contramos escribiendo modelicos guiones para algunos de los memorables westerns de Budd Boetticher. En 1961 debuta como director con The Canadians, pe ro ni en esa ni en los restantes westerns de su filmografia brilla a la misma altura que en sus guiones previos. Continuo no obstante reali zandolos (la mayor parte de su filmografia esta formada por westerns), hasta que la perdida de popularidad del genero le hizo girar la vista a la television, donde encontro acomodo. Kennedy adorna algunos de sus westerns con toques de comedia no siempre afortunados.The Canadians. 1961. 85 minutos. Color DeLuxe. CinemaScope. Fox. Robert Ryan, John Dehner, Torin Thatcher.Mail Order Bride. 1964. 85 minutos. Metrocolor. Panavision. MGM. Buddy Ebson, Keir Dullea, Lois Nettleton.The Rounders (Los desbravadores). 1965. 85 minutos. Metrocolor. Panavision. MGM. Glenn Ford, Henry Fonda, Sue Ann Langdon.Return of the Seven (El regreso de los siete magnificos). 1966. 95 minutos. Color DeLuxe. Panavision. Mirisch (UA). Yul Brynner, Robert Fuller, Julian Mateos.Welcome to Hard Times. 1967. 103 minutos. Metrocolor. Max E. Youngstein-David Karr Productions (MGM). Henry Fonda, Janice Rule, Aldo Ray.The War Wagon (Ataque al carro blindado). 1967. 101 minutos. Technicolor. Panavision. Batjac Productions (Universal). John Wayne, Kirk Douglas, Howard Keel.Support Your Local Sheriff (Tambien un sheriff necesita ayuda). 1969. 93 minutos. Color DeLuxe. Cherokee Productions. James Garner, Joan Hackett, Walter Brennan.Young Billy Young (Pistolero). 1969. 89 minutos. Color DeLuxe. Talbol- Youngstein (UA). Robert Mitchum, Angie Dickinson.The Good Guys and the Bad Guys (Un hombre impone la ley). 1969. 90 minutos. Technicolor. Panavision. WB-Seven Arts/Ronden Productions. Robert Mitchum, George Kennedy, Tina Louise.Dirty Dingus Magee (Duelo de pillos). 1970. 91 minutos. Metrocolor. Panavision. MGM. Frank Sinatra, George Kennedy, Anne Jackson.La spina dorsale del diavolo (La quebrada del diablo). 1971. 99 minutos. Technicolor. Panavision. Dino De Laurentiis Cinematografica/Jadran Film/Heritage. Bekim Fehmiu, John Huston, Richard Crenna.Support Your Local Gunfighter (Latigo). 1971. 92 minutos. Color DeLuxe. Cherokee/Brigade. James Garner, Suzanne Pleshette.Hannie Caulder (Anna Coulder). 1971. 85 minutos. Technicolor. Panavi sion. Tigon British/Curtwel (Paramount). Raquel Welch, Robert Culp, Ernest Borgnine.The Train Robbers (Ladrones de trenes). 1973. 92 minutos. Technicolor. Panavision. Batjac (WB). John Wayne, Anne-Margret, Rod Taylor. -
13 Bodmer, Johann Georg
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Railways and locomotives, Steam and internal combustion engines, Textiles, Weapons and armour[br]b. 9 December 1786 Zurich, Switzerlandd. 30 May 1864 Zurich, Switzerland[br]Swiss mechanical engineer and inventor.[br]John George Bodmer (as he was known in England) showed signs of great inventive ability even as a child. Soon after completing his apprenticeship to a local millwright, he set up his own work-shop at Zussnacht. One of his first inventions, in 1805, was a shell which exploded on impact. Soon after this he went into partnership with Baron d'Eichthal to establish a cotton mill at St Blaise in the Black Forest. Bodmer designed the water-wheels and all the machinery. A few years later they established a factory for firearms and Bodmer designed special machine tools and developed a system of interchangeable manufacture comparable with American developments at that time. More inventions followed, including a detachable bayonet for breech-loading rifles and a rifled, breech-loading cannon for 12 lb (5.4 kg) shells.Bodmer was appointed by the Grand Duke of Baden to the posts of Director General of the Government Iron Works and Inspector of Artillery. He left St Blaise in 1816 and entered completely into the service of the Grand Duke, but before taking up his duties he visited Britain for the first time and made an intensive five-month tour of textile mills, iron works, workshops and similar establishments.In 1821 he returned to Switzerland and was engaged in setting up cotton mills and other engineering works. In 1824 he went back to England, where he obtained a patent for his improvements in cotton machinery and set up a mill near Bolton incorporating his ideas. His health failing, he was obliged to return to Switzerland in 1828, but he was soon busy with engineering works there and in France. In 1833 he went to England again, first to Bolton and four years later to Manchester in partnership with H.H.Birley. In the next ten years he patented many more inventions in the fields of textile machinery, steam engines and machine tools. These included a balanced steam engine, a mechanical stoker, steam engine valve gear, gear-cutting machines and a circular planer or vertical lathe, anticipating machines of this type later developed in America by E.P. Bullard. The metric system was used in his workshops and in gearing calculations he introduced the concept of diametral pitch, which then became known as "Manchester Pitch". The balanced engine was built in stationary form and in two locomotives, but although their running was remarkably smooth the additional complication prevented their wider use.After the death of H.H.Birley in 1846, Bodmer removed to London until 1848, when he went to Austria. About 1860 he returned to his native town of Zurich. He remained actively engaged in all kinds of inventions up to the end of his life. He obtained fourteen British patents, each of which describes many inventions; two of these patents were extended beyond the normal duration of fourteen years. Two others were obtained on his behalf, one by his brother James in 1813 for his cannon and one relating to railways by Charles Fox in 1847. Many of his inventions had little direct influence but anticipated much later developments. His ideas were sound and some of his engines and machine tools were in use for over sixty years. He was elected a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1835.[br]Bibliography1845, "The advantages of working stationary and marine engines with high-pressure steam, expansively and at great velocities; and of the compensating, or double crank system", Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 4:372–99.1846, "On the combustion of fuel in furnaces and steam-boilers, with a description of Bodmer's fire-grate", Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 5:362–8.Further ReadingObituary, 1868–9, Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 28:573–608.H.W.Dickinson, 1929–30, "Diary of John George Bodmer, 1816–17", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 10:102–14.D.Brownlie, 1925–6, John George Bodmer, his life and work, particularly in relation to the evolution of mechanical stoking', Transactions of the Newcomen Society 6:86–110.W.O.Henderson (ed.), 1968, Industrial Britain Under the Regency: The Diaries of Escher, Bodmer, May and de Gallois 1814–1818, London: Frank Cass (a more complete account of his visit to Britain).RTS -
14 Higginson, Thomas Wentworth (Storrow)
(1823-1911) Хиггинсон, Томас Вентуорт (Сторроу)Пастор, аболиционист [ abolitionists], писатель. Соратник Дж. Брауна [ Brown, John]. За свои взгляды был лишен духовного сана; после принятия Закона о беглых рабах [ Fugitive Slave Act of 1850] помогал беглецам. В годы Гражданской войны [ Civil War] командовал первым негритянским полком [ Negro regiments]. После ранения в 1864 вернулся к карьере писателя, выступал за права женщин, написал несколько биографий, в том числе биографию С. Фуллер [ Fuller, (Sarah) Margaret], Г. Лонгфелло [ Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth], Дж. Уиттиера [ Whittier, John Greenleaf]. В последние годы состоял в переписке с Э. Дикинсон [ Dickinson, Emily], поддерживал ее поэтические начинания, редактировал стихиEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Higginson, Thomas Wentworth (Storrow)
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15 Fourdrinier, Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 11 February 1766 London, Englandd. 3 September 1854 Mavesyn Ridware, near Rugeley, Staffordshire, England[br]English pioneer of the papermaking machine.[br]Fourdrinier's father was a paper manufacturer and stationer of London, from a family of French Protestant origin. Henry took up the same trade and, with his brother Sealy (d. 1847), devoted many years to developing the papermaking machine. Their first patent was taken out in 1801, but success was still far off. A machine for making paper had been invented a few years previously by Nicolas Robert at the Didot's mill at Essonnes, south of Paris. Robert quarrelled with the Didots, who then contacted their brother-in-law in England, John Gamble, in an attempt to raise capital for a larger machine. Gamble and the Fourdriniers called in the engineer Bryan Donkin, and between them they patented a much improved machine in 1807. In the new machine, the paper pulp flowed on to a moving continuous woven wire screen and was then squeezed between rollers to remove much of the water. The paper thus formed was transferred to a felt blanket and passed through a second press to remove more water, before being wound while still wet on to a drum. For the first time, a continuous sheet of paper could be made. Other inventors soon made further improvements: in 1817 John Dickinson obtained a patent for sizing baths to improve the surface of the paper; while in 1820 Thomas Crompton patented a steam-heated drum round which the paper was passed to speed up the drying process. The development cost of £60,000 bankrupted the brothers. Although Parliament extended the patent for fourteen years, and the machine was widely adopted, they never reaped much profit from it. Tsar Alexander of Russia became interested in the papermaking machine while on a visit to England in 1814 and promised Henry Fourdrinier £700 per year for ten years for super-intending the erection of two machines in Russia; Henry carried out the work, but he received no payment. At the age of 72 he travelled to St Petersburg to seek recompense from the Tsar's successor Nicholas I, but to no avail. Eventually, on a motion in the House of Commons, the British Government awarded Fourdrinier a payment of £7,000. The paper trade, sensing the inadequacy of this sum, augmented it with a further sum which they subscribed so that an annuity could be purchased for Henry, then the only surviving brother, and his two daughters, to enable them to live in modest comfort. From its invention in ancient China (see Cai Lun), its appearance in the Middle Ages in Europe and through the first three and a half centuries of printing, every sheet of paper had to made by hand. The daily output of a hand-made paper mill was only 60–100 lb (27–45 kg), whereas the new machine increased that tenfold. Even higher speeds were achieved, with corresponding reductions in cost; the old mills could not possibly have kept pace with the new mechanical printing presses. The Fourdrinier machine was thus an essential element in the technological developments that brought about the revolution in the production of reading matter of all kinds during the nineteenth century. The high-speed, giant paper-making machines of the late twentieth century work on the same principle as the Fourdrinier of 1807.[br]Further ReadingR.H.Clapperton, 1967, The Paper-making Machine, Oxford: Pergamon Press. D.Hunter, 1947, Papermaking. The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft, London.LRD -
16 Murdock (Murdoch), William
[br]b. 21 August 1754 Cumnock, Ayrshire, Scotlandd. 15 November 1839 Handsworth, Birmingham, England[br]Scottish engineer and inventor, pioneer in coal-gas production.[br]He was the third child and the eldest of three boys born to John Murdoch and Anna Bruce. His father, a millwright and joiner, spelled his name Murdock on moving to England. He was educated for some years at Old Cumnock Parish School and in 1777, with his father, he built a "wooden horse", supposed to have been a form of cycle. In 1777 he set out for the Soho manufactory of Boulton \& Watt, where he quickly found employment, Boulton supposedly being impressed by the lad's hat. This was oval and made of wood, and young William had turned it himself on a lathe of his own manufacture. Murdock quickly became Boulton \& Watt's representative in Cornwall, where there was a flourishing demand for steam-engines. He lived at Redruth during this period.It is said that a number of the inventions generally ascribed to James Watt are in fact as much due to Murdock as to Watt. Examples are the piston and slide valve and the sun-and-planet gearing. A number of other inventions are attributed to Murdock alone: typical of these is the oscillating cylinder engine which obviated the need for an overhead beam.In about 1784 he planned a steam-driven road carriage of which he made a working model. He also planned a high-pressure non-condensing engine. The model carriage was demonstrated before Murdock's friends and travelled at a speed of 6–8 mph (10–13 km/h). Boulton and Watt were both antagonistic to their employees' developing independent inventions, and when in 1786 Murdock set out with his model for the Patent Office, having received no reply to a letter he had sent to Watt, Boulton intercepted him on the open road near Exeter and dissuaded him from going any further.In 1785 he married Mary Painter, daughter of a mine captain. She bore him four children, two of whom died in infancy, those surviving eventually joining their father at the Soho Works. Murdock was a great believer in pneumatic power: he had a pneumatic bell-push at Sycamore House, his home near Soho. The pattern-makers lathe at the Soho Works worked for thirty-five years from an air motor. He also conceived the idea of a vacuum piston engine to exhaust a pipe, later developed by the London Pneumatic Despatch Company's railway and the forerunner of the atmospheric railway.Another field in which Murdock was a pioneer was the gas industry. In 1791, in Redruth, he was experimenting with different feedstocks in his home-cum-office in Cross Street: of wood, peat and coal, he preferred the last. He designed and built in the backyard of his house a prototype generator, washer, storage and distribution plant, and publicized the efficiency of coal gas as an illuminant by using it to light his own home. In 1794 or 1795 he informed Boulton and Watt of his experimental work and of its success, suggesting that a patent should be applied for. James Watt Junior was now in the firm and was against patenting the idea since they had had so much trouble with previous patents and had been involved in so much litigation. He refused Murdock's request and for a short time Murdock left the firm to go home to his father's mill. Boulton \& Watt soon recognized the loss of a valuable servant and, in a short time, he was again employed at Soho, now as Engineer and Superintendent at the increased salary of £300 per year plus a 1 per cent commission. From this income, he left £14,000 when he died in 1839.In 1798 the workshops of Boulton and Watt were permanently lit by gas, starting with the foundry building. The 180 ft (55 m) façade of the Soho works was illuminated by gas for the Peace of Paris in June 1814. By 1804, Murdock had brought his apparatus to a point where Boulton \& Watt were able to canvas for orders. Murdock continued with the company after the death of James Watt in 1819, but retired in 1830 and continued to live at Sycamore House, Handsworth, near Birmingham.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society Rumford Gold Medal 1808.Further ReadingS.Smiles, 1861, Lives of the Engineers, Vol. IV: Boulton and Watt, London: John Murray.H.W.Dickinson and R.Jenkins, 1927, James Watt and the Steam Engine, Oxford: Clarendon Press.J.A.McCash, 1966, "William Murdoch. Faithful servant" in E.G.Semler (ed.), The Great Masters. Engineering Heritage, Vol. II, London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers/Heinemann.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Murdock (Murdoch), William
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17 Watt, James
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 19 January 1735 Greenock, Renfrewshire, Scotlandd. 19 August 1819 Handsworth Heath, Birmingham, England[br]Scottish engineer and inventor of the separate condenser for the steam engine.[br]The sixth child of James Watt, merchant and general contractor, and Agnes Muirhead, Watt was a weak and sickly child; he was one of only two to survive childhood out of a total of eight, yet, like his father, he was to live to an age of over 80. He was educated at local schools, including Greenock Grammar School where he was an uninspired pupil. At the age of 17 he was sent to live with relatives in Glasgow and then in 1755 to London to become an apprentice to a mathematical instrument maker, John Morgan of Finch Lane, Cornhill. Less than a year later he returned to Greenock and then to Glasgow, where he was appointed mathematical instrument maker to the University and was permitted in 1757 to set up a workshop within the University grounds. In this position he came to know many of the University professors and staff, and it was thus that he became involved in work on the steam engine when in 1764 he was asked to put in working order a defective Newcomen engine model. It did not take Watt long to perceive that the great inefficiency of the Newcomen engine was due to the repeated heating and cooling of the cylinder. His idea was to drive the steam out of the cylinder and to condense it in a separate vessel. The story is told of Watt's flash of inspiration as he was walking across Glasgow Green one Sunday afternoon; the idea formed perfectly in his mind and he became anxious to get back to his workshop to construct the necessary apparatus, but this was the Sabbath and work had to wait until the morrow, so Watt forced himself to wait until the Monday morning.Watt designed a condensing engine and was lent money for its development by Joseph Black, the Glasgow University professor who had established the concept of latent heat. In 1768 Watt went into partnership with John Roebuck, who required the steam engine for the drainage of a coal-mine that he was opening up at Bo'ness, West Lothian. In 1769, Watt took out his patent for "A New Invented Method of Lessening the Consumption of Steam and Fuel in Fire Engines". When Roebuck went bankrupt in 1772, Matthew Boulton, proprietor of the Soho Engineering Works near Birmingham, bought Roebuck's share in Watt's patent. Watt had met Boulton four years earlier at the Soho works, where power was obtained at that time by means of a water-wheel and a steam engine to pump the water back up again above the wheel. Watt moved to Birmingham in 1774, and after the patent had been extended by Parliament in 1775 he and Boulton embarked on a highly profitable partnership. While Boulton endeavoured to keep the business supplied with capital, Watt continued to refine his engine, making several improvements over the years; he was also involved frequently in legal proceedings over infringements of his patent.In 1794 Watt and Boulton founded the new company of Boulton \& Watt, with a view to their retirement; Watt's son James and Boulton's son Matthew assumed management of the company. Watt retired in 1800, but continued to spend much of his time in the workshop he had set up in the garret of his Heathfield home; principal amongst his work after retirement was the invention of a pantograph sculpturing machine.James Watt was hard-working, ingenious and essentially practical, but it is doubtful that he would have succeeded as he did without the business sense of his partner, Matthew Boulton. Watt coined the term "horsepower" for quantifying the output of engines, and the SI unit of power, the watt, is named in his honour.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1785. Honorary LLD, University of Glasgow 1806. Foreign Associate, Académie des Sciences, Paris 1814.Further ReadingH.W.Dickinson and R Jenkins, 1927, James Watt and the Steam Engine, Oxford: Clarendon Press.L.T.C.Rolt, 1962, James Watt, London: B.T. Batsford.R.Wailes, 1963, James Watt, Instrument Maker (The Great Masters: Engineering Heritage, Vol. 1), London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers.IMcN -
18 by
baɪ
1. предл.
1) а) у, при, около a home by a lake ≈ дом рядом с озером Syn: near to, next to б) мимо We drove by the church. ≈ Мы проезжали мимо церкви. Syn: past
2) а) в течение by day (night) ≈ в течение дня( ночи) б) к, не позже чем( указывает предельный срок) I'll be done by five o'clock. ≈ Я буду готов к пяти часам.
3) а) указывает на автора;
передается тв. или род. падежом: a poem by Emily Dickinson ≈ поэма, написанная Эмили Дикинсон б) указывает на орган, учреждение и т. п., с помощью которого что-л. происходит: The booklet was issued by the government. ≈ Проспект был выпущен правительством.
4) указывает на средство передвижения;
передается тв. падежом She came by air. ≈ Она прилетела. by train ≈ поездом
5) через, посредством, от, по (причина, источник) By his own account he was there. ≈ По его собственным словам он был там.
6) в, на, по (указывает на меры веса, длины и т. п.;
передается тж. тв. падежом) by the pound ≈ в фунтах, фунтами
7) указывает на характер действия We met by chance. ≈ Мы встретились случайно.
8) по;
согласно( указывает на соответствие, согласованность) a bad movie by any standards ≈ по любым меркам плохой фильм
9) на (указывает на соотношение между сравниваемыми величинами) taller by three inches ≈ выше на три дюйма ∙ by George ≈ ей-богу! by the by ≈ кстати, между прочим by and large ≈ в общем и целом, в общем
2. нареч.
1) близко, возле, около, рядом The school is close by. ≈ Школа расположена рядом. Syn: at hand;
near
2) мимо The car drove by. ≈ Машина проехала мимо. Syn: past
3) в сторону, отдельно to lay by money for retirement ≈ откладывать деньги на пенсию Syn: aside;
away
4) внутрь, в дом, в офис( и т. п.) Syn: Stop by later. ≈ Зайди позже.
5) указывает на конец чего-л. in times gone by ≈ в давно прошедшие времена Syn: past;
over ∙ by and by ≈ вскоре лежащий в стороне второстепенный, необязательный мимо - he passed by without a word он прошел мимо, не сказав ни слова - I can't get by я не мог пройти - in days gone by в давние времена, очень давно - time went by время прошло близко, рядом - no one was by рядом никого не было - to stand by стоять рядом в сторону - stand /step/ by! отойдите!, посторонитесь! придает глаголам to put, to set, to lay значение: откладывать - to put by money копить деньги - put this work by for the moment отложите пока эту работу (американизм) (разговорное) внутрь, в дом - come by зайди, когда будешь проходить мимо - stop by загляни (устаревшее) кроме того в сочетаниях: - by and by вскоре;
(устаревшее) немедленно, сразу - by and large( американизм) вообще говоря, в общем - stand by! (морское) приготовиться! - by the by кстати, между прочим в пространственном значении указывает на: местонахождение вблизи чего-л.: у, около, рядом, возле, при - by the fire у /около/ огня - by the sea у моря, на берегу моря - by the side of the road у обочины дороги - to sit by smb. /by smb.'s side/ сидеть рядом с кем-л. /около кого-л./ - to stand by smb. стоять рядом с кем-л.;
поддерживать кого-л., помогать кому-л. движение мимо или вдоль предмета: мимо, вдоль - a path by the river тропинка вдоль реки - to walk by smb., smth. пройти мимо кого-л., чего-л. движение, прохождение через какой-л. пункт: через - to travel by Moscow ехать через Москву - to come by the door войти в дверь во временном значении указывает на приближение к какому-л. сроку или ограничение каким-л. сроком: к - by two o'clock к двум часам - by the end of the year к концу года - by then к тому времени - he ought to be here by now (теперь) он должен был уже быть здесь - by the time that... к тому времени, когда... в течение - by day днем - by night ночью (часто после глагола в пассиве) указывает на: деятеля;
при отсутствии глагола передается твор. падежом, а тж. род. падежом - the play was written by Shakespeare эта пьеса была написана Шекспиром - a novel by Dickens роман Диккенса - a speech by the Foreign Secretary речь министра иностранных дел - the city was destroyed by fire город был уничтожен пожаром - the house was struck by lightning в дом ударила молния средство, орудие: посредством, при помощи( обыкн. передается тж. твор. падежом) - engines driven by electricity машины, приводимые в действие электричеством - roads linked by a bridge дороги, соединенные мостом - absorption of moisture by activated carbon поглощение влаги активированным углем - we broaden our outlook by learning langauges изучая языки, мы расширяем свой кругозор - to get one's living by teaching зарабатывать на жизнь преподаванием - he began the work by collecting material он начал работу со сбора материала указывает на: способ передвижения, пересылки и т. п.: по, на (передается тж. твор. падежом) - by air на самолете, самолетом - by bus на автобусе, автобусом - by rail по железной дороге - by water по воде - by post по почте - by airmail воздушной почтой, авиапочтой - by return post обратной почтой характер действия, условия или сопутствующие обстоятельства, при которых оно протекает;
в сочетании с существительными часто передается наречием - by degress постепенно - by turns поочередно, попеременно - drop by drop по капле - one by one, man by man поодиночке, по одному, один за одним - day by day каждый день;
день за днем;
с каждым днем - step by step шаг за шагом - two by two, by twos по двое - by three по трое - to do smth. by the hour делать что-л. часами - by good luck, by fortune по счастью - by chance случайно - by (an) error по ошибке указывает на лицо, в интересах или в пользу которого совершается действие: по отношению к - to do one's duty by smb. выполнить( свой) долг по отношению к кому-л. - to act /to deal, to do/ well by smb. поступать хорошо по отношению к кому-л. указывает на соответствие чему-л. или соотнесенность с чем-л.: по, с, под - by right по праву - by the stipulations of the treaty по условиям договора - by smb.'s request по чьей-л. просьбе - by your permission /leave/ с вашего позволения - by your consent с вашего согласия - twenty dergees by F. двадцать градусов по Фаренгейту - by all accounts по сведениям - to judge by smb.'s appearance судить по чьему-л. виде - to know smb. by sight знать кого-л. в лицо - to call a child by the name of smb. давать ребенку имя /называть ребенка/ в честь кого-л. - he goes by the name of John он известен под именем Джон - to work by the rules работать по правилам отцовство, редк. материнство: от - two children by her first husband двое детей от первого мужа - he has one child by his first wife у него есть ребенок от первой жены - Lightning by Napoleon out of Linda (лошадь) Лайтнинг от (жеребца) Наполеона и (кобылы) Линды указывает на меры веса, длины, объема, по которым производится продажа на, по (передается тж. твор. падежом) - by the piece поштучно - by the dozen( редкое) by dozens дюжинами - to sell by the pound /by pounds/ продавать на фунты /фунтами/ срок найма или способ оплаты: - to pay by the month платить помесячно указывает на причину, источник: от - to die by starvation /by hunger/ умереть от голода - to die by sword умереть /погибнуть/ от меча - to know by experience знать по опыту указывает на количественное соотношение: на - older by two years старше на два года - taller by a foot выше на фут - a rise by 56 pounds увеличение на 56 фунтов - to lessen by a third уменьшить на одну треть - by far, by much намного - to be better by far быть гораздо лучше множитель или делитель: на - ten (multiplied) by two десять( помноженное) на два - ten divided by two десять, деленное на два - a hall twenty feet by ten зал площадью двадцать футов на десять отнесение суммы в кредит счета: на, в - by 200 pounds на 200 фунтов в адресах и названиях населенных пунктов: из - X by Dover X п/о Дувр указывает на отклонение стрелки компаса или движение к северу, югу и т. п. - North by East (морское) норд-тень-ост - the island lies North by East from here( морское) остров лежит на северо-северо-восток отсюда( морское) с дифферентом - (down) by the head с дифферентом на нос;
на носу;
носом вперед - by the stern с дифферентом на корму;
на корме;
кормой вперед (военное) выражает команду - by the right! направо! - by the numbers! по подразделениям! в сочетаниях: - by dint of путем, посредством;
с помощью (чего-л.) - by dint of argument путем рассуждений - he succeded by dint of perseverance он добился своего благодаря упорству - by means of посредством - he achieved success by means of hard work он добился успеха упорным трудом - by virtue of посредством (чего-л.) ;
благодаря (чему-л.) ;
в силу /на основании/ (чего-л.) - by virtue of the treaty на основании договора - by way of через - we'll come back by way of mountains обратно мы пойдем через горы - by the bye, by the way между прочим;
кстати - by land and by sea на суше и на море - (all) by oneself один, в одиночестве;
один, без посторонней помощи - he did it (all) by himself он сделал это сам - to have /to keep/ smth. by one иметь что-л. при себе /с собой/ - he has no money by him у него при себе /с собой/ нет денег abide ~ соблюдать ~ prep указывает на автора;
передается тв. или род. падежом: a book by Tolstoy книга, написанная Толстым, произведение Толстого;
the book was written by a famous writer книга была написана знаменитым писателем ~ prep указывает на автора;
передается тв. или род. падежом: a book by Tolstoy книга, написанная Толстым, произведение Толстого;
the book was written by a famous writer книга была написана знаменитым писателем by близко, рядом ~ prep указывает на меры веса, длины и т. п. в, на, по;
передается тж. тв. падежом: by the yard в ярдах, ярдами;
by the pound в фунтах, фунтами ~ prep в пространственном значении указывает на близость у, при, около;
a house by the river дом у реки;
a path by the river тропинка вдоль берега реки ~ prep в пространственном значении указывает на прохождение мимо предмета или через определенное место мимо;
we went by the house мы прошли мимо дома;
we travelled by a village мы проехали через деревню ~ prep во временном значении указывает на приближение к определенному моменту, сроку и т. п. к;
by tomorrow к завтрашнему дню;
by five o'clock к пяти часам;
by then к тому времени ~ мимо;
she passed by она прошла мимо;
by and by вскоре ~ prep указывает на автора;
передается тв. или род. падежом: a book by Tolstoy книга, написанная Толстым, произведение Толстого;
the book was written by a famous writer книга была написана знаменитым писателем ~ prep указывает на причину, источник через, посредством, от, по;
to know by experience знать по опыту;
to perish by starvation погибнуть от голода ~ prep указывает на соответствие, согласованность по;
согласно;
by agreement по договору;
by your leave с вашего разрешения ~ prep указывает на соотношение между сравниваемыми величинами на;
by two years older старше на два года;
by George = ей-богу!;
by the way кстати, между прочим;
by and large в общем и целом, в общем ~ prep указывает на средство передвижения;
передается тв. падежом: by plane самолетом;
by air mail воздушной почтой;
авиапочтой ~ prep указывает на характер действия: by chance случайно;
by the law по закону;
by chute, by gravity самотеком ~ prep указывает на соответствие, согласованность по;
согласно;
by agreement по договору;
by your leave с вашего разрешения ~ prep указывает на средство передвижения;
передается тв. падежом: by plane самолетом;
by air mail воздушной почтой;
авиапочтой ~ мимо;
she passed by она прошла мимо;
by and by вскоре ~ prep указывает на соотношение между сравниваемыми величинами на;
by two years older старше на два года;
by George = ей-богу!;
by the way кстати, между прочим;
by and large в общем и целом, в общем ~ prep указывает на характер действия: by chance случайно;
by the law по закону;
by chute, by gravity самотеком chance: ~ случай;
случайность;
by chance случайно;
on the chance в случае ~ prep указывает на характер действия: by chance случайно;
by the law по закону;
by chute, by gravity самотеком ~ prep во временном значении указывает на приближение к определенному моменту, сроку и т. п. к;
by tomorrow к завтрашнему дню;
by five o'clock к пяти часам;
by then к тому времени ~ prep указывает на соотношение между сравниваемыми величинами на;
by two years older старше на два года;
by George = ей-богу!;
by the way кстати, между прочим;
by and large в общем и целом, в общем George: George ав. жарг. летчик;
автопилот;
by George! ей-богу!, честное слово!;
вот так так! ~ prep указывает на характер действия: by chance случайно;
by the law по закону;
by chute, by gravity самотеком ~ prep указывает на средство передвижения;
передается тв. падежом: by plane самолетом;
by air mail воздушной почтой;
авиапочтой ~ prep указывает на характер действия: by chance случайно;
by the law по закону;
by chute, by gravity самотеком ~ prep указывает на меры веса, длины и т. п. в, на, по;
передается тж. тв. падежом: by the yard в ярдах, ярдами;
by the pound в фунтах, фунтами ~ prep указывает на соотношение между сравниваемыми величинами на;
by two years older старше на два года;
by George = ей-богу!;
by the way кстати, между прочим;
by and large в общем и целом, в общем ~ prep указывает на меры веса, длины и т. п. в, на, по;
передается тж. тв. падежом: by the yard в ярдах, ярдами;
by the pound в фунтах, фунтами yard: ~ ярд (= 3 футам или 914,4 мм) ;
by the yard в ярдах;
can you still buy cloth by the yard in Britain? в Англии еще мерят ткани на ярды? ~ prep во временном значении указывает на приближение к определенному моменту, сроку и т. п. к;
by tomorrow к завтрашнему дню;
by five o'clock к пяти часам;
by then к тому времени then: ~ то время;
by then к тому времени;
since then с того времени;
every now and then время от времени ~ prep во временном значении указывает на приближение к определенному моменту, сроку и т. п. к;
by tomorrow к завтрашнему дню;
by five o'clock к пяти часам;
by then к тому времени ~ prep указывает на соотношение между сравниваемыми величинами на;
by two years older старше на два года;
by George = ей-богу!;
by the way кстати, между прочим;
by and large в общем и целом, в общем ~ prep указывает на соответствие, согласованность по;
согласно;
by agreement по договору;
by your leave с вашего разрешения leave: ~ разрешение, позволение;
by (или with) your leave с вашего разрешения;
I take leave to say беру на себя смелость сказать ~ prep в пространственном значении указывает на близость у, при, около;
a house by the river дом у реки;
a path by the river тропинка вдоль берега реки ~ prep указывает на причину, источник через, посредством, от, по;
to know by experience знать по опыту;
to perish by starvation погибнуть от голода experience: ~ (жизненный) опыт;
to know (smth.) by (или from) experience знать (что-л.) по опыту;
to learn by experience познать( что-л.) на (горьком) опыте ~ prep в пространственном значении указывает на близость у, при, около;
a house by the river дом у реки;
a path by the river тропинка вдоль берега реки ~ prep указывает на причину, источник через, посредством, от, по;
to know by experience знать по опыту;
to perish by starvation погибнуть от голода ~ мимо;
she passed by она прошла мимо;
by and by вскоре ~ prep в пространственном значении указывает на прохождение мимо предмета или через определенное место мимо;
we went by the house мы прошли мимо дома;
we travelled by a village мы проехали через деревню ~ prep в пространственном значении указывает на прохождение мимо предмета или через определенное место мимо;
we went by the house мы прошли мимо дома;
we travelled by a village мы проехали через деревню -
19 Princeton University
Частный университет, входит в Лигу Плюща [ Ivy League] и в двадцатку наиболее престижных вузов США. Находится в г. Принстоне, шт. Нью-Джерси. Основан в 1746 как Колледж Нью-Джерси [College of New Jersey] и стал четвертым колледжем колоний. Первые занятия проходили в доме основателя университета священника Дж. Дикинсона [Dickinson, Jonathan] в г. Нью-Брансуике. Принстон сыграл заметную роль в событиях Американской революции [ Revolutionary War]: подпись его ректора [ president] Дж. Уитерспуна [ Witherspoon, John] стоит под Декларацией независимости [ Declaration of Independence], шестая часть участников Конституционного конвента [ Constitutional Convention] были выпускниками Принстона [Princetonian], а Дж. Мэдисон [ Madison, James] стал первым принстонцем - президентом США. В 1877 основана магистратура, в 1896 Принстон получил статус университета, а в 1902 его ректором стал В. Вильсон [ Wilson, (Thomas) Woodrow], способствовавший тому, что университет имеет сегодня такой авторитет. Состоит из Принстонского колледжа [Princeton College], магистратур и исследовательских центров. Имеет общие здания с Институтом перспективных исследований [ Institute for Advanced Study]. Старейшее здание - Нассау-холл [Nassau Hall] (1756), место проведения второго Континентального конгресса [ Continental Congresses]. В структуру университета входят ведущий региональный театр Маккартера [McCarter Theatre], художественный музей и музей естественной истории. Библиотека насчитывает более 4,8 млн. томов. Около 5 тыс. студентов.тж PrincetonEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Princeton University
-
20 Gannaway, Albert C.
Nacido en Charlottesville, Virginia, Albert C. Gan naway, que firmo frecuentemente como Al Ganna way, dirigio nueve peliculas, la mayoria de las cuales tambien produjo e incluso una, la primera, Hidden Guns, tambien escribio. Casi toda su obra esta formada por westerns no demasiado interesantes. Su nombre deja de aparecer en los titulos de credito de las peliculas a comienzos de los anos 60, precisamente con ocasion de realizar su ultimo western, Buffalo Gun.Hidden Guns. 1956. 66 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Richard Arlen, Bruce Bennett, Angie Dickinson.Daniel Boone, Trail Blazer (co-d.: Ismael Rodriguez). 1956. 76 minutos. Trucolor. Keen Line/Republic. Bruce Bennett, Lon Chaney, Jr, Jacqueline Evans.The Badge of Marshal Brennan. 1957. 74 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Allied. Jim Davis, Arleen Whelan, Lee Van Cleef.Raiders of Old Arizona. 1957. 72 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Jim Davis, Arleen Whelan, Lee Van Cleef.Man or Gun. 1958. 79 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Naturama. Republic. MacDonald Carey, James Gleason, Audrey Totter, James Craig.Plunderers of Painted Flats. 1959. 77 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Naturama. Republic. John Carroll, George MacReady, Corinne Calvet.Buffalo Gun. 1961. 72 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Globe Enterprises. Webb Pierce, Marty Robbins, Don Barry, Ellen Kay.English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Gannaway, Albert C.
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John M. Niles — John Milton Niles John Milton Niles (* 20. August 1787 in Windsor, Hartford County, Connecticut; † 30. Mai 1856 in Hartford, Connecticut) war ein US amerikanischer Politiker, der sich auch als Autor historischer Werke betätigte … Deutsch Wikipedia
John Austin Gronouski — (* 26. Oktober 1919 in Dunbar, Marinette County, Wisconsin; † 7. Januar 1996 in Green Bay, Wisconsin) war ein US amerikanischer Politiker, der unter den Präsidenten John F. Kennedy und Lyndon B. Johnson als US Postminister amtierte. Gronouski… … Deutsch Wikipedia
John Gronouski — John Austin Gronouski (* 26. Oktober 1919 in Dunbar, Marinette County, Wisconsin; † 7. Januar 1996 in Green Bay, Wisconsin) war ein US amerikanischer Politiker, der unter den Präsidenten John F. Kennedy und Lyndon B. Johnson als US Postminister… … Deutsch Wikipedia
John Armstrong (general) — John Armstrong (général) Pour les articles homonymes, voir Armstrong. John Armstrong, né le 13 octobre 1717, mort le 9 mars 1795, est un ingénieur civil et un soldat américain qui a servi comme général pendant le guerre d indépendance américaine … Wikipédia en Français
